Final answer:
Aggression is behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. It can involve physical violence and takes two forms: hostile and instrumental. Bullying is another form of aggression, which can include physical, verbal, psychological, or social abuse. Gender differences exist in bullying behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
Aggression is behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. It may involve physical violence against other individuals. For example, two male gorillas may fight and use their canine teeth to inflict deep wounds. Expressing aggression this way may lead to serious injury and even death.
Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one's motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain; a contract killer who murders for hire displays instrumental aggression.
Bullying is another form of aggression. It is repeated negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, and can take the form of physical, verbal, psychological, or social abuse. Bullying has negative mental health consequences for youth and can include direct physical aggression or indirect social forms of aggression. Gender differences in bullying behavior exist, with boys tending to engage in direct physical aggression and girls tending to engage in indirect social aggression.