Final answer:
Preoperative evaluation before elective surgery is necessary for active cardiac conditions including unstable coronary syndromes, decompensated heart failure (NYHA 3 or 4), significant arrhythmias, and severe valvular disease. These conditions impact cardiac function and could increase surgical risks.
Step-by-step explanation:
Which active cardiac conditions necessitate further preoperative evaluation before elective surgery? The conditions that require thorough evaluation include Option 1: Unstable coronary syndromes, Option 2: Decompensated heart failure (NYHA 3 or 4), Option 3: Significant arrhythmias (such as Mobitz Type 2 or 3rd degree AV block, ventricular arrhythmias, supraventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, or ventricular tachycardia), and Option 4: Severe valvular disease. Each of these conditions poses a significant risk during surgery by potentially impairing cardiac function.
Valvular heart disease, for example, can range from minor to severe with some cases requiring surgical intervention if medication is not effective. Stenosis causes the valves to become rigid which may impede blood flow and weaken the heart. Bradycardia can arise from inherent or external factors, potentially necessitating a pacemaker if severe. Preoperative assessments help determine the underlying causes and the appropriate management to decrease operative risks.