Final answer:
b) Scientific skepticism
The unexpected effect of Charles Darwin's 'On the Origin of the Species' was primarily (b) Scientific skepticism. It sparked significant discussions and debates regarding religious views of creation and influenced the development of social Darwinism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of the Species had an unexpected effect that was not purely scientific but extended into other realms, such as social and religious aspects. While Darwin's ideas were grounded in biological observations, they caused a significant shift in thought that impacted society at large. One such impact was on religion, as the theory of evolution by natural selection challenged the traditional views of divine creation held by many religious institutions.
The correct answer to the question, "The publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of the Species had what unexpected effect?" is (b) Scientific skepticism. However, it's worth noting that Darwin's ideas did provoke reactions across various spectra—religious, social, and political. Despite the initial resistance and skepticism, Darwin's theories became the bedrock of biological science and significantly influenced other disciplines.
Specifically, the theory of evolution sparked a debate that led some to reconsider the role of divine intervention in the creation of life, which contributed to a broader conversation on religion and philosophy. Furthermore, Darwin's work laid the groundwork for what would later be termed social Darwinism, a misapplication of biological concepts to justify economic and social policies.