Final answer:
Bismarck's early foreign policy was characterized by the strengthening of Prussian power, military expansion, and the application of Realpolitik. His pragmatic approach to alliances and conflicts led to German unification and the establishment of Germany as a dominant European power. Bismarck's later shift towards colonialism aimed to increase German prestige and economic opportunities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Seligmann and McLean describe the early years of Bismarck's foreign policy as primarily focused on strengthening Prussian military power and expanding Prussian influence. Known for pioneering Realpolitik, Bismarck used practicality and pragmatism to make political decisions. By forging alliances that served Prussia's interests and engaging in decisive wars with Austria, Denmark, and France, he focused on the militaristic expansion and unification of Germany. His policies culminated with the formation of a unified Germany in 1871 and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.
Bismarck's use of Realpolitik and his focus on military strength led to the annexation of significant territories, including Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark, and Alsace-Lorraine from France. Although initially dismissive of overseas empire building, Bismarck later sought colonies in Africa to enhance German prestige and respond to merchant and public interest.
In pursuit of maintaining peace in Europe and consolidating Germany's power, Bismarck engaged in a series of treaties and alliances to counteract the influence of Russia and France and ensure the dominance of the newly unified German Empire, notably through the creation of the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.