Final answer:
Cranial nerves 7 through 12 are tested with specific parts of the cranial nerve exam, including evaluations of facial movements, hearing, balance, the gag reflex, muscle strength in the neck, and tongue movement.
Step-by-step explanation:
To test cranial nerves 7 through 12, physicians conduct specific tests during a cranial nerve exam, which is a major section of the neurological exam that assesses sensory and motor functions of the cranial nerves and their associated central and peripheral structures. The facial nerve (CN VII) is tested for facial movements such as smiling, frowning, and closing eyes tightly. The auditory or vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) is examined for hearing and balance. Cranial Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) and CN X (vagus) are tested via the gag reflex, tasting on the back third of the tongue, and observing the uvula's position and movement during phonation. The accessory nerve (CN XI) is evaluated by testing the strength of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Lastly, for the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), the tongue's strength and ability to move in various directions are assessed. These tests provide insight into potential damage to specific brain stem regions or adjacent areas.