Final answer:
To counteract biases like primacy effects, an instrument designer can randomize question order, use the split-ballot technique, measure susceptibility to order bias, and include an 'other' option in response choices.
Step-by-step explanation:
An instrument designer can counteract biases such as primacy and recency effects in several ways. First, the designer can randomize the question order, which mitigates the chance of these biases by ensuring that no particular question benefits from being presented earlier or later in the sequence. Additionally, the split-ballot technique can be used, which involves creating different versions of a questionnaire with varied orderings of questions, or differing content, to further reduce the impact of question order. Measuring a participant's susceptibility to order bias with specific questions can also provide insights that help in adjusting the results. Lastly, including an 'other' option in the response choices allows for a range of answers not anticipated by the designer, which can reduce response bias.