Final answer:
Surrogate indicators in a doctor's office can include signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests. These indicators help in making diagnoses and obtaining research samples.
Step-by-step explanation:
Surrogate indicators in a doctor's office can include various signs and symptoms that help in making a diagnosis. For example, if a patient presents with symptoms like unusual bleeding or discharge, a thickening or lump in the breast, or indigestion or difficulty in swallowing, the doctor may infer that there is a possibility of underlying medical conditions such as cancer. Similarly, the doctor can infer the presence of a respiratory infection like influenza based on symptoms like a nagging cough or hoarseness.
In addition to signs and symptoms, a doctor may use diagnostic tests as surrogate indicators. For instance, if a patient presents with respiratory symptoms like coughing and the doctor listens to their breathing through a stethoscope and orders a chest radiography, it serves as a surrogate indicator to identify the presence of conditions like pneumonia.
Furthermore, in research settings, individuals can be selected using surrogate indicators. For example, if a medical researcher interviews every third cancer patient from a list of cancer patients at a local hospital, it serves as a surrogate indicator to obtain a representative sample for research purposes.