Final answer:
Oxygen can be supplemented using nasal cannulas, face masks, or non-rebreather masks; however, these do not provide precise FiO2 and have a risk of hypercapnia. CPAP devices are used for sleep apnea, and nasal CPAP in conjunction with other treatments is essential for managing RDS in infants. The airflow order during inhalation starts from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.
Step-by-step explanation:
Oxygen supplementation can be delivered through various methods, including a nasal cannula, simple face mask, and non-rebreather mask. These devices are commonly used in medical settings for patients who require additional oxygen. Here is a brief overview of oxygen delivery systems:
- Nasal cannula: a low flow oxygen delivery system that is lightweight and relatively comfortable for long-term use, but does not provide precise FiO2
- Simple face mask: provides higher oxygen flow than a nasal cannula but still lacks precise control over FiO2
- Non-rebreather mask: offers the highest oxygen concentration amongst the low flow devices but also carries a risk of hypercapnia if the flow is not sufficient to clear exhaled carbon dioxide from the mask
While these methods are not designed to provide precise FiO2, they are suitable for varying durations of oxygen supplementation based on patient need. For conditions like sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices are often used, which help to keep airways open.
In the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants, nasal CPAP can be critical. It provides continuous positive pressure to help keep the lungs open and is less invasive than mechanical ventilation. Additional treatments like administering pulmonary surfactant and supported methods including temperature control and nutritional support are also part of the comprehensive care strategy.
Moving on to the breathing process, the order of airflow during inhalation is: nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. The nasal passages play a vital role in warming and humidifying the air we breathe, protecting the lungs from infection and damage. Finally, the term hyperpnea refers to an increased rate and depth of breathing often seen in response to an increased demand for oxygen.