Final answer:
Tet spells are episodes of cyanosis in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. This congenital heart defect leads to insufficient oxygenated blood circulation, causing a blue discoloration of the skin. Both tetralogy of Fallot and patent foramen ovale are severe septal defects that can lead to similar cyanotic presentations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term 'tet spell' refers to episodes of sudden cyanosis (turning blue) in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, a type of congenital heart defect. This condition is a common cause of cyanosis after birth and can cause severe septal defects. During a tet spell, the individual may show symptoms like difficulty in breathing (dyspnea), confusion, and possibly seizures before severe outcomes. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four key components: pulmonary infundibular stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy, although not all may be present. The condition affects approximately 400 out of one million live births, with treatment commonly involving surgical repair.
Another heart defect, patent foramen ovale (PFO), is an opening in the heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs, which can sometimes lead to cyanosis as well. Both conditions result in insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the body. Monitoring and medical intervention are crucial for individuals with these conditions to manage symptoms and improve oxygen saturation.