Final answer:
Extra duty can be assigned as a punishment during both Non-Judicial Punishment and court-martial proceedings within the military. Non-Judicial Punishment allows commanders to discipline troops, while court-martials are more formal judicial proceedings. The Eighth Amendment also outlines guidelines for punishments, including forbidding cruel and unusual punishment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Extra duty as a form of punishment may be given during both Non-Judicial Punishment and court-martial proceedings. In the context of the military, Non-Judicial Punishment, also known as 'Captain's Mast' or 'Article 15,' allows unit commanders to administratively discipline troops without a formal court-martial. However, the punishment of extra duty is also a potential outcome of a court-martial, which is a formal judicial proceeding where members of the military are tried for breaches of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).
Addressing the unrelated questions provided as reference, only for learning purposes: both state and federal courts handle matters of civil and criminal law. The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty is not inherently cruel and unusual punishment but may not be applied to those who were under 18 at the time of committing a crime. The International Court of Justice hears cases involving disputes between countries. And the double jeopardy rule prevents prosecuting someone for the same crime after an acquittal, whether in state or federal court.
Furthermore, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution clearly states that 'Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.' This applies to all forms of legal proceedings within the United States and affects how punishments, such as extra duty, may be determined and enforced.