Final answer:
Phenytoin is a teratogenic drug that can lead to fetal hydantoin syndrome, causing craniofacial anomalies, digital hypoplasia, and intellectual disability when used during pregnancy. The teratogenic risk depends on the potency, fetal susceptibility, and dosage of the drug.
Step-by-step explanation:
Teratogenic Effects of Phenytoin
Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug that has known teratogenic effects when used during pregnancy. Such effects of phenytoin may include congenital malformations known as fetal hydantoin syndrome, which can lead to craniofacial anomalies, digital hypoplasia, growth deficiency, and intellectual disability. These risks highlight the importance of careful management of epilepsy in pregnant women, balancing the need for seizure control against the potential teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs.
Teratogens can cause various types of harm depending on factors such as the potency of the drug as a mutagen, the susceptibility of the fetus to teratogenesis, and the dose of the teratogen administered. Therefore, the decision to continue or modify treatment with phenytoin during pregnancy must be made in consultation with a healthcare provider, considering all risks and benefits.
It is essential for pregnant women to avoid known teratogens where possible, including various prescription drugs, illicit drugs, alcohol, and environmental hazards. All of these can have profound and irreversible effects on the developing fetus.