Final Answer:
Retinoids, including isotretinoin and etretinate, are known to have teratogenic effects, causing birth defects in the developing fetus. The specific teratogenic effects include craniofacial abnormalities, cardiovascular defects, and central nervous system malformations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Isotretinoin and etretinate are oral retinoids commonly used in the treatment of severe acne and psoriasis, respectively. These medications are derived from vitamin A and have potent effects on skin cell turnover. However, their use is associated with a high risk of teratogenicity, meaning they can cause harm to the developing fetus if taken during pregnancy.
The teratogenic effects of retinoids are well-documented and include a range of abnormalities. Craniofacial abnormalities may manifest as cleft palate or cleft lip. Cardiovascular defects can include malformations of the heart and major blood vessels. Central nervous system malformations may result in intellectual disabilities or other neurological disorders.
Due to the significant risk of teratogenic effects, it is crucial for individuals of reproductive age, particularly women, to avoid pregnancy during retinoid therapy and for a specified period after discontinuation. Strict measures, including contraception and regular pregnancy testing, are often implemented to prevent unintended pregnancies while on these medications.
Healthcare providers play a critical role in educating patients about the risks associated with retinoid use and ensuring appropriate measures are taken to prevent potential harm to the developing fetus. The decision to use retinoids in reproductive-aged individuals requires careful consideration and discussion of the potential risks and benefits.