Final answer:
Treating white oral plaques that can be scraped off typically involves antifungal medications such as nystatin or clotrimazole, with systemic treatments like fluconazole or amphotericin B used for severe or resistant cases. Good oral hygiene, regular dental cleanings, and preventive measures such as reducing sugar intake and using fluoridated products are also crucial for both treatment and prevention.
Step-by-step explanation:
To treat white oral plaques that can be scraped off, which is a condition typically known as oral thrush, the use of antifungal medications is often necessary. The white patches and pseudomembranes characterized by this condition can lead to bleeding, and are usually caused by an overgrowth of Candida species. For treatment, topical antifungals like nystatin or clotrimazole oral suspensions are administered. In more severe or resistant cases, systemic treatments are considered, which might include systemic azoles such as fluconazole or itraconazole for strains resistant to fluconazole. For very severe infections or azole-resistant cases, amphotericin B may be used.
Good oral hygiene is essential in both the treatment and prevention of oral thrush. Regular brushing and flossing reduce the growth of harmful microbes and the formation of biofilms, while fluoride in toothpaste strengthens tooth enamel and has a bacteriostatic effect. Antiseptic mouthwashes containing phenolics like thymol and eucalyptol or heavy metals like zinc chloride can further control microorganisms. Dental cleanings are also advised to detect dental issues early and manage enamel damage due to acids.
Preventive measures such as reducing sugar intake and using sugarless gum or candies with sugar alcohols like xylitol can prevent microbial fermentation of sugars, which can lead to acid production and enamel damage. Regular dental visits for cleanings and use of fluoride treatments or fluoridated water are also beneficial in maintaining oral health and preventing decay.