Final answer:
The eruption of a volcano is an example of a disaster leading to primary succession, as it results in the formation of new land. Pioneer species like lichens then begin the process of ecosystem development by creating soil and enabling other species to later colonize the area.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of a disaster typically resulting in primary succession is the eruption of a volcano. Volcanic eruptions, like those on the Big Island of Hawaii, produce lava flows that add new land to the island's surface. This new land, once cooled, is initially devoid of soil and life. Over time, natural forces such as weathering break down the rock, allowing pioneer species like lichens and certain robust plants to establish themselves, further breaking down the rock into soil. This sets the stage for successive waves of different species that will eventually lead to a well-established ecosystem. In contrast to secondary succession, where an already inhabited area is disturbed and a new community develops on pre-existing soil, primary succession starts from bare rock or new land without any initial soil or life.
Glacial activity is another example where primary succession can occur. Glaciers can remove pre-existing soil, exposing bedrock that becomes colonized over time as the glacier retreats.