Final answer:
A heuristic is a general problem-solving strategy or mental shortcut, which does not always lead to a correct solution, while an algorithm is a systematic procedure that guarantees a correct result when followed correctly.
Step-by-step explanation:
A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is that heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do. Algorithms are systematic, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct result when followed properly, like a recipe that, if followed exactly, will produce the same outcome each time. Heuristics, on the other hand, are general problem-solving strategies or mental shortcuts that are used to quickly arrive at a solution, but they don't guarantee a correct answer every time.
Problems in decision-making and problem-solving can arise from roadblocks such as mental set, functional fixedness, and various cognitive biases. These biases are the result of natural but often misleading shortcuts in thought processes. An availability heuristic, for example, is a cognitive bias where a person relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision, which may not always lead to accurate or rational decisions.