Final answer:
The principles of judicial independence within the Manual for Courts-Martial are derived from the Constitution, where life tenure under Article III protects federal judges, including those in the military, from political influence, ensuring they can perform their duties independently.
Step-by-step explanation:
The principles of judicial independence as outlined in the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM) are not specified in a particular 'rule' but are inherent in the very structure of the judiciary as defined by the Constitution, which applies to all judicial conduct, including FITREPs, CHIEFEVALs, and EVALs in the military. Article III of the U.S. Constitution ensures that federal judges have life tenure "during good Behavior," insulating them from political pressures and thereby ensuring judicial independence. Moreover, Article II gives the President, as Commander in Chief, authority over the armed forces while requiring respect for the independent powers of the judiciary. The interplay of these articles assures that military judges and evaluators respect judicial independence, allowing them to carry out their duties without undue influence from other branches of the government or the military hierarchy.