Final answer:
Fear can be established through classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus with a fear-inducing stimulus. It is maintained through operant conditioning by reinforcing fear-related behaviors.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fear can be established through classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus with a fear-inducing stimulus. For example, if a person is bitten by a dog and then develops a fear of dogs, the sight of a dog becomes the conditioned stimulus that elicits fear.
Once fear is established, it can be maintained through operant conditioning by reinforcing fear-related behaviors. For instance, if someone with a fear of public speaking avoids giving presentations and receives positive reinforcement from others for this avoidance behavior, the fear of public speaking may continue.