Final answer:
Kernicterus is a serious neurological syndrome caused by very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in newborns, leading to bilirubin deposition in the brain. The condition typically follows hyperbilirubinemia, a common neonatal medical issue, as their enzyme systems for bilirubin processing are immature. Management includes phototherapy to reduce bilirubin levels and prevent brain damage.
Step-by-step explanation:
Kernicterus is a neurological condition that occurs in neonates due to very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin. When elevated beyond the normal limit, which is less than 1 mg/100ml, and exceeding critical levels of 20-25 mg/100ml, unconjugated bilirubin can cross the underdeveloped blood-brain barrier (BBB) of infants. This can lead to its deposition in brain structures such as the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei, potentially resulting in significant neurological damage, including mental retar dation.
Newborns are susceptible to hyperbilirubinemia because their liver enzyme, UDP glucuronyl transferase, which helps in the conjugation and subsequent excretion of bilirubin, is not fully developed. The presence of unconjugated bilirubin in excess can give rise to the yellow discoloration seen in jaundice. Conditions like Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Gilbert's disease are related to dysfunctional bilirubin processing.
Management strategies for hyperbilirubinemia typically include phototherapy, which uses UV light to help break down bilirubin, thereby preventing its dangerous buildup and protecting the brain from damage. Careful monitoring of bilirubin levels in newborns is essential to prevent the potential lifelong impact of kernicterus.