Question

Possible etiologies for mitral regurgitation include all the following EXCEPT:

A. Mitral annulus calcification
B. Mitral valve endocarditis
C. Papillary muscle dysfunction
D. Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 1

The possible etiologies for mitral regurgitation include mitral annulus calcification, mitral valve endocarditis, and papillary muscle dysfunction. Pulmonary hypertension is not typically associated with mitral regurgitation.

Step-by-step explanation:

Possible etiologies for mitral regurgitation include:

1. Mitral annulus calcification: This is a condition where calcium deposits form in the mitral valve ring, causing it to become stiff and impairing its ability to close properly.
2. Mitral valve endocarditis: This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart that can damage the mitral valve and lead to regurgitation.
3. Papillary muscle dysfunction: If the papillary muscles, which attach to the mitral valve leaflets, are not functioning properly, it can cause the valve to leak.
4. Pulmonary hypertension: While pulmonary hypertension can affect the right side of the heart, it is not typically associated with mitral regurgitation.

Therefore, the correct answer is D. Pulmonary hypertension.