Final answer:
In patients with lupus, cardiac manifestations can include myocarditis, pericarditis, and valvular heart disease.
Step-by-step explanation:
In patients with lupus, cardiac manifestations are common and can include various findings. One finding that can occur is myocarditis, which is inflammation of the heart muscle. This can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
In addition, lupus can also cause pericarditis, which is inflammation of the lining around the heart. This can result in symptoms such as chest pain that worsens when lying down or taking deep breaths.
Furthermore, lupus can affect the valves of the heart, leading to valvular heart disease. This can cause symptoms such as heart murmurs, shortness of breath, and fatigue.