Final answer:
Correct option: They were fascist dictators
The new leaders of European governments during the 1930s were characterized as fascist dictators like Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany. These leaders led their countries into totalitarian regimes, suppressing opposition and disregarding democratic principles in response to economic hardships and societal upheaval post-World War I.
Step-by-step explanation:
The characteristic that explains the new leaders of European governments during the 1930s is that they were fascist dictators. In the wake of World War I and amid the economic struggles following the Great Depression, democratic institutions in Europe were weakened and citizens looked for strong leaders who promised stability and national rejuvenation. Countries such as Italy, Germany, and Spain saw the rise of fascism, a political ideology that promoted strong nationalism, absolute state power, the suppression of political opposition, and often expansionist and aggressive foreign policies. These regimes abandoned democratic norms, crushed dissent, and sought to control all aspects of citizens' lives, undermining the principles of democracy and the rule of law.
In Italy, Benito Mussolini emerged as the totalitarian leader by promoting fascist ideals and suppressing opposition. Similarly, in Germany, Adolf Hitler rose to power as chancellor, and his Nazi Party established a fascist dictatorship that culminated in severe atrocities and World War II. In Spain, Francisco Franco led a fascist regime following a brutal civil war. The rise of these authoritarian leaders marked a significant shift in European politics during the 1930s from fractured democratic governments to powerful totalitarian states.