Final answer:
Heart of Darkness illustrates 19th-century European imperialism by critiquing its exploitation and dehumanization of African societies while also being criticized for perpetuating racism and Eurocentrism.
Step-by-step explanation:
Heart of Darkness, published in 1899, illustrates 19th-century motives for European imperialism through its depiction of European exploitation in the Congo and attitudes of superiority over the African people.
The novella serves as a critique of the violent and avaricious aspects of imperialism, showing how the European quest for wealth and power led to the dehumanization of African individuals and cultures. Joseph Conrad's narrative portrays European characters who justify their ruthless actions in the name of civilization and progress, epitomizing the economic, political, and cultural justifications used during the era to rationalize imperialism.
However, the text has also garnered criticism for perpetuating racism and Eurocentrism, notably from esteemed Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe, who condemned Conrad's representation of Africa and its people as the mere backdrop for European stories and struggles. Through these perspectives, Heart of Darkness reflects the complex and often contradictory nature of 19th-century European imperialism.