Final answer:
Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin. In the given options, all pairs are homologous except the human's arm and bird's wing, which are analogous structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Homologous structures are structures that share a similar embryonic origin, indicating a common evolutionary past. In the given options, all pairs except A) a human's arm and a bird's wing are homologous. The human arm and bird wing are analogous structures because they have a similar function of movement, but they have different origins and evolutionary history.
For example, the upper forelimbs of humans and cats have similar structures because they share a common ancestor. Similarly, the bird wing and whale flipper are homologous structures because they have a common evolutionary past. The butterfly wing and bird wing are analogous structures because they have a similar function of flight, but they do not share a common embryonic origin.