Final answer:
Experts are divided on Hawaiian independence under the U.S. due to the historical occupation and annexation by American forces, cultural significance of the monarchy, and debate over the rights and status of Native Hawaiians in modern times.
Step-by-step explanation:
Experts agree and disagree about the extent of Hawaiian independence under the United States due to historical, cultural, and legal complexities. Historically, the Kingdom of Hawai'i was an independent nation recognized by European countries. Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last ruler before American occupation, is an important historical figure revered by many indigenous Hawaiians. U.S. interests in the sugar industry and strategic positioning significantly influenced the annexation of Hawaii during the Spanish-American War. The subsequent overthrow of the monarchy and annexation in 1898 led to the loss of sovereignty and large amounts of land for Native Hawaiians, who became a minority in their own country due to diseases and the influx of immigrant laborers.
American laws passed in the 1900s somewhat recognized the fallout of the overthrow by setting aside lands for the welfare of Native Hawaiians. However, the continued presence of a strong U.S. military force and the underrepresentation of Native Hawaiians in socio-economic measures highlight ongoing disparities. Today, opinions vary between seeking independence, establishing semi-sovereign status, or integrating as a recognized indigenous tribe. This debate is further fueled by a U.S. Congressional apology admitting wrongful overthrow and acknowledgment of Native Hawaiians' unrelinquished sovereignty over their national lands.