Final answer:
The options that include not labeling an axis on a chart, providing percentages without sample size, and providing survey results without the questions are all examples of deceptive practices in presenting information. Therefore, the answer is d) Each of these is an example of this deceptive practice.
Step-by-step explanation:
One way to say anything you want with numbers is to leave out important information. The following options can be considered deceptive practices:
- Include a chart, but don't label one of the axes.
- Provide percentages, but not sample size.
- Provide survey results without providing survey questions.
However, the practice that is not considered deceptive would be to intentionally omit relevant data making the sample biased, which is not given in the options provided. Hence, the answer is d) Each of these is an example of this deceptive practice. It's important to note that these presentation choices can significantly alter the perceived message of the data. For instance, manipulating the vertical axis on a bar graph can exaggerate or downplay the differences between data points, misleading the viewer.
Providing misleading visual representations, omitting crucial pieces of information like sample sizes, or not sharing survey questions can all contribute to biased interpretations of the data. These tactics undermine the integrity of the information presented and can lead to incorrect conclusions being drawn.