Final answer:
Mrs. Martinez should provide instruction in specific learning strategies, such as highlighting their homework, to foster self-efficacy; this approach encourages skills development and aligns with effective parenting techniques that boost children's self-esteem and competence. the correct answer of the quetion is option a.
Step-by-step explanation:
To foster a sense of self-efficacy in her children, Mrs. Martinez should provide instruction in specific learning strategies, such as highlighting their homework. This approach aligns with research highlighting the benefits of actively fostering a child's talents and skills, which is notably done by parents from higher-income families according to Gladwell's reference to Annette Lareau's study.
Such positive reinforcement and involvement showcase the characteristics of an authoritative parenting style, which has been shown to foster high self-esteem and social skills in American children. Furthermore, employing techniques like behavior modification, where desired behaviors are reinforced with rewards, can further cement the positive growth and development of children's self-efficacy.