Final answer:
Manding in operant conditioning is directly related to a speaker's motivation, making a. motivation' the correct answer. It is about seeking what is immediately needed or desired through verbal request or demand within the operant conditioning framework.
Step-by-step explanation:
(a) motivation
The term manding is a concept from the behavioral psychology realm, specifically within the framework of operant conditioning, which was developed by B. F. Skinner. Manding is a type of verbal behavior that is influenced by a speaker's immediate needs or motivation.
Operant conditioning revolves around behaviors that are followed by consequences, which can be in the form of either reinforcement or punishment. The goal is to either strengthen or weaken a behavior so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future. Manding differs in that it is specifically a request or demand that functions to obtain what the speaker wants or needs, hence being directly related to the speaker's motivation.
Moreover, when speaking of manding, the concept of the three-term contingency is also relevant, but it is more a framework for understanding how operant conditioning works as a whole, rather than the direct basis for manding itself. The three-term contingency includes the cue (antecedent), the behavior (response), and the consequence.