Final answer:
The mechanisms by which glucocorticoids raise blood glucose levels include the conversion of amino acids to glucose (gluconeogenesis) and metabolism of fatty acids. Glucocorticoids do not raise blood glucose levels through the production of glycogen; instead, they aid in maintaining glucose homeostasis by supporting glycogenesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and cortisone, are stress hormones that play a crucial role in glucose metabolism and energy balance within the body. They exert several mechanisms to raise blood glucose levels:
- Stimulation of gluconeogenesis: Glucocorticoids promote the conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver, a process known as gluconeogenesis.
- Promotion of glycogen synthesis: Although not mentioned in the provided materials, by promoting glycogenesis, glucocorticoids indirectly support efficient glucose availability.
- Metabolism of fatty acids: Glucocorticoids promote the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, sparing glucose and raising its level in the bloodstream.
The correct option to the student's multiple select question is: b. metabolism of fatty acids, and c. conversion of amino acids to glucose. Although glucocorticoids can stimulate glycogen synthesis, which is part of maintaining glucose homeostasis, the question specifically asks which mechanisms raise blood glucose levels, thus a. production of glycogen would not be a correct option here.