Final answer:
The critique 'Mass chaos would ensue since everyone only cares about himself or herself.' challenges virtue-based ethics by suggesting it may not provide sufficient guidance for maintaining social order, as it emphasizes individual character over universal rules or consequences.
Explanation:
Critique of Virtue Ethics:
The critique that represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics is 'Mass chaos would ensue since everyone only cares about himself or herself.'. This critique directly questions the impact of virtue ethics on social order and cohesion, suggesting that without a common set of rules or consequences to guide behavior, individuals may act solely out of self-interest leading to societal disorder.
Virtue ethics focuses on the development and cultivation of moral character and virtues as the basis for ethical behavior, arguing that right actions flow from a person's good character traits. However, critics like Anscombe have argued that without a universal legislator or commands, such as those implied in a theistic framework, the 'oughts' of virtue ethics lack a firm foundation, making it a problematic approach in a secular context.