Final answer:
The ant colony is an example of emergent properties, where the complex behavior of the colony arises from the interactions of individual ants carrying out simple tasks. the correct option is d) emergent properties.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ant colony's ability to accomplish complex tasks despite each ant having a limited range of behavior is an example of emergent properties.
Emergent properties are complex traits or behaviors that arise from the interaction of simpler elements within a system. In the context of an ant colony, while each ant performs fairly simple, programmed tasks, the collective abilities of the colony surpass the capabilities of any single ant. As a whole, the colony can move large amounts of dirt, locate food sources efficiently, and coordinate defense mechanisms against predators. These behaviors are not inherent in any single ant but are a result of the interactions and communication through pheromones among thousands or millions of ants within the colony.
This concept of emergent properties is crucial in understanding how complex systems in biology operate, particularly in social insects like ants, bees, and termites, where division of labor and cooperation are vital for the survival of the colony.