Final answer:
The decline in union membership in the private sector since 1983 can be attributed to several factors, including the shift from manufacturing to service industries, globalization, and reduced desire for unions due to workplace protection laws.
Step-by-step explanation:
The answer that is not offered as an explanation for the decline in union membership in the private sector since 1983 is d. The structure of American industry has stagnated. The decline in union membership can be attributed to several factors:
- The shift from manufacturing to service industries: Over time, unions were stronger in manufacturing than in service industries, and as jobs shifted from manufacturing to service industries, unions struggled to organize the service sector.
- Globalization and increased competition from foreign producers: Globalization has led to increased competition, making it more difficult for unions to organize workers in industries facing global competition.
- Reduced desire for unions due to workplace protection laws: Workplace protection laws now provide some of the benefits that unions used to provide, leading to a decreased demand for union membership.
These factors have contributed to the decline in union membership in the private sector since 1983.