Final answer:
The texture characterized by the combination of two or more simultaneous melodic lines is called polyphony, which was significant during the Renaissance period and is exemplified by the works of J.S. Bach.
Step-by-step explanation:
The texture that combines two or more simultaneous melodic lines is called polyphony. During the Renaissance period, polyphony was a significant change that distinguished it from the music of the Middle Ages. It led to the use of larger ensembles and the need for sets of instruments that would create a harmonious blend across the entire vocal range. This rich interweaving of multiple melodies allows each part to have independent rhythm and melody, yet harmonize beautifully when performed together. A famous example of polyphonic texture would be J.S. Bach's compositions, where multiple melodic lines are expertly layered to create intricate harmonies.