Question

Which two OSI model layers are considered to be included in the top layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack?

1) Application Layer
2) Presentation Layer
3) Session Layer
4) Transport Layer
5) Network Layer
6) Data Link Layer
7) Physical Layer

Answer 1

The OSI model includes separate Application, Presentation, and Session layers, but in the TCP/IP protocol stack, they are all combined into one layer called the Application Layer. This streamlines the functions for practical network operation.

Step-by-step explanation:

The two OSI model layers that are included in the top layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack are the Application Layer and the Presentation Layer, as well as the Session Layer. In the TCP/IP model, these three OSI layers are all represented by a single layer called the Application Layer. This is because the TCP/IP protocol stack is a simplified version of the OSI model, which combines these functions into a single layer to better suit the practical implementation and operation of networks.

To put it simply, when moving from the OSI model to the TCP/IP model, the separate functions of the Application, Presentation, and Session layers are all considered to be part of the TCP/IP Application Layer. This is different from the more detailed division seen in the OSI model, where each of these layers has a specific role. For instance, the Presentation Layer deals with data formatting and encryption, while the Session Layer manages connections and sessions between computers.