Final answer:
Red blood cells do not pass through the filtration membrane into Bowman's capsule, as the membrane selectively filters out substances based on size and charge, allowing most other substances through.
Step-by-step explanation:
The substance that does NOT pass through the filtration membrane and into Bowman's capsule is red blood cells. The filtration membrane, consisting of fenestrations in capillary endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits, prevents the passage of blood cells and large proteins while allowing most other constituents to pass through. The fenestrations allow most substances to pass if they are less than 4 nm in size and most substances up to 8 nm in size, but red blood cells, being larger and negatively charged, are filtered out. Due to their size and electric charge, the proteins associated with the pores in the membrane are negatively charged, repelling similarly charged substances and creating a filtrate devoid of cells and larger proteins.