Final answer:
Transcription and translation in prokaryotes occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes, transcription happens in the nucleus, followed by mRNA processing and transport to the cytoplasm for translation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The processes of transcription and translation show notable differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously because there is no nucleus, and the processes happen in the cytoplasm. In contrast, eukaryotes have a nucleus where transcription occurs, and their mRNA must be processed to remove introns and is then transported to the cytoplasm for translation. Eukaryotic cells use three different polymerases for transcription, while prokaryotes typically have one polymerase. Moreover, eukaryotic mRNAs are usually monogenic, specifying a single protein, whereas prokaryotic mRNAs can be polycistronic, encoding multiple proteins.
Among the options given, the correct answer is (b) Prokaryotes transcribe and translate simultaneously. This reflects the fact that without a separating membrane to divide a nucleus and cytoplasm, prokaryotic cells can perform these processes concurrently. In contrast, eukaryotic cells must transcribe in the nucleus and translate in the cytoplasm, which involves the additional step of RNA processing.