Final answer:
The temporal lobe specializes in auditory processing and memory formation, with essential structures like the hippocampus and amygdala playing fundamental roles in these cognitive functions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cognitive function specialties for the temporal lobe include various crucial roles such as primary auditory sensation, memory formation and retrieval, as well as the integration of memories and sensations. Specifically, the temporal lobe houses Brodmann's areas 41 and 42 which are pivotal for auditory processing. Moreover, the hippocampus and amygdala, situated in the medial temporal lobe, are essential for the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, as well as in emotional responses. The importance of these structures was highlighted in studies of patient HM, who after a bilateral temporal lobectomy, experienced significant memory loss, illustrating the temporal lobe's key roles in these cognitive functions.