Final answer:
The causes of exceptional mental abilities are influenced by both genetics and environment. Studies show genetics set a potential for intelligence, while the environment helps in manifesting cognitive abilities. Social and cultural biases also play a role in the perception and study of intelligence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The debate regarding the causes of exceptional mental abilities involves a dual consideration of genetics and environment. For individuals like Chris Langan, who are considered highly intelligent, the balance between these two factors is crucial. Researchers, including Robert Sternberg, have suggested that practical intelligence, or the application of cognitive abilities in everyday scenarios, is as significant as the raw computational and analytical power of the brain. Terman's studies indicated that, besides genetics, factors such as family and education play substantial roles in the development of intelligence. Meanwhile, the controversial work by Jensen and Rushton sparked intense debate with implications suggesting a genetic basis for differences in IQ but also faced widespread criticism for racial bias.
Regarding intelligence, several findings are illuminating. One study suggested that while genetics are commanding in establishing a baseline for intelligence, the environment acts as a trigger, providing stability and changes for cognitive abilities to manifest, according to Bartels et al. (2002). Thus, although some individuals may inherit a genetic predisposition for higher intelligence, environmental influences such as education, socialization, and life experiences contribute significantly to the actualization of potential intelligence.
The conversation around the nature of intelligence is multifaceted, involving biological, societal, and individual dynamics. Moreover, history has shown that the perception of intelligence can be influenced heavily by social and cultural biases, which need to be critically examined to fully understand the phenomenon of high cognitive ability.