Final answer:
Heuristics are mental shortcuts used for decision-making and problem-solving, based on past experiences and cognition, unlike algorithms which are specific step-by-step instructions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term used to describe a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past, is called a heuristic. In the field of cognitive psychology, a heuristic is considered a mental shortcut that simplifies decision-making and problem-solving. Heuristics are not always the most rational or effective methods, but they allow individuals to make quick judgments based on past experiences and cognition.
A common misconception might be to confuse heuristics with algorithms, which are problem-solving strategies characterized by a specific set of instructions that guarantee a solution if followed correctly. Heuristics, on the other hand, offer a general framework that's more flexible but less certain. For example, the availability heuristic could lead someone to make a decision based on easily recalled information, while an algorithm would involve methodical steps unaffected by the ease of recall.