Final answer:
Symmetrical balance refers to the mirroring of visual elements in a composition, creating a sense of stability and formality. It contrasts with asymmetrical balance, which relies on the even distribution of visual weight for a dynamic yet harmonious effect. Both forms are essential to the overall balance in artistic compositions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Symmetrical balance refers to a design where visual elements are mirrored or repeated exactly, or nearly exactly, on either side of a vertical or horizontal axis. This type of balance creates a sense of stability and calm in a composition. For example, the painting Christ Giving the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter by Perugino exhibits symmetrical balance through the mirrored architecture in the background, conveying a sense of formality as well. The concept can also be seen in natural forms, like the Moon Jellyfish, which demonstrates absolute symmetry in its design.
Contrastingly, asymmetrical balance creates visual interest through a more dynamic composition, by using offset elements. These compositions do not mirror each other but achieve balance through the even distribution of the visual weight of the elements. An example of asymmetrical balance can be found in the Classical Greek sculpture Doryphoros (The Spearbearer) by Polykleitos, where although the figure is asymmetrical, a sense of balance is maintained through the distribution of tension in the limbs.
Overall, balance in art refers to the way an artist distributes the visual weight of elements within a composition. Whether it is achieved through symmetry or asymmetry, balance plays a crucial role in the structural and visual harmony of a piece, as seen in works by artists like Piet Mondrian and in the structural design of architectural features such as arches.