Final answer:
Fluoroquinolones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that target bacterial enzymes essential for DNA replication, such as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. They are used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections but can have significant side effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
What are Fluoroquinolones?
Fluoroquinolones (FQLs) are a class of synthetic antimicrobials or antibiotics known for their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria. The development of fluoroquinolones began with the discovery of nalidixic acid in 1962, which was a byproduct during the synthesis of chloroquine. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro®) and levofloxacin (Levaquin®), constitute an advanced generation of this class and are effective against a wide range of bacterial infections.
Fluoroquinolones operate by inhibiting the activity of bacterial enzymes called DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are crucial for DNA replication. Their unique site of action allows them to block DNA unwinding, thereby preventing bacterial replication and leading to the death of the bacterial cells. While they are most effective against Gram-negative bacteria, they can also target some Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria.
Despite their effectiveness, fluoroquinolones can cause side effects such as phototoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, disturbances in glucose metabolism, and an increased risk for tendon rupture. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of these potential risks when prescribing these antibiotics.