Final answer:
The cocktail party effect is an example of selective attention, which allows a person to concentrate on one source of input while ignoring others in a distracting environment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cocktail party effect provides an example of selective attention. This psychological phenomenon illustrates our ability to focus our auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, as when a person can focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment.
This is different from other concepts such as neuroadaptation, which is related to how the brain adjusts to changes in sensory inputs over time, or REM rebound, which refers to an increased frequency and depth of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep after sleep deprivation.
Similarly, the effect is not related to circadian rhythms, which are biological processes that display an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours.