Final answer:
Economic recession and the lack of regulatory power for tariffs and interstate commerce have historically caused shipping and commerce to suffer in the U.S., though contemporary issues like political unrest or natural disasters can also contribute.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cause for shipping and commerce suffering in the United States from the options presented can be attributed to various factors. However, based on historical context, economic recession and the inability of the central government to impose tariffs—or regulate interstate commerce — have significantly impacted U.S. commerce.
After the Revolution, the inability to prevent British merchants from flooding the market with low-priced goods led to American producers being unable to compete effectively. Additionally, states often imposed tariffs on items from other states, further hindering trade.
Meanwhile, technological advancements have generally improved long-distance economic relations and decreased transportation costs. Nonetheless, certain contemporary problems, such as political unrest or natural disasters, can also impede shipping and commerce.