Final answer:
California voters passed the initiative, referendum, and recall in 1911, empowering them to enact laws, affirm or reject existing laws, and remove public officials directly through voting processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
In 1911, California voters passed the initiative, referendum, and recall. These election innovations are forms of direct democracy that were adopted to limit the power of special interests in state legislatures and increase the public's direct involvement in the democratic process. The initiative allows voters to enact legislation by placing an idea on the ballot through a petition. The referendum enables voters to have a direct say in affirming or rejecting existing laws, and the recall allows for the removal of public officials from office through a petition and a subsequent vote. Notably, the recall process was used in California in 2003, which led to the removal of Governor Gray Davis and the election of Arnold.