Final answer:
The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and aspects of both ventricles, while the left bifurcates into the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, servicing the left ventricle and left atrium.
Step-by-step explanation:
The coronary arteries are essential in providing blood to the heart's myocardium and other components. There are two main coronary arteries: the right and the left. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, parts of both ventricles, and components of the heart conduction system. It also gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery, which services the interventricular septum and adjoining ventricular tissue.
The left coronary artery diverges into two main branches - the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery. The left anterior descending artery supplies the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum, while the circumflex artery extends to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle.
The coronary arteries perform a crucial role within the coronary circulation system, allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products with the heart muscle cells. The intensity of coronary circulation varies with the cardiac cycle, peaking during the heart's relaxation phase.