Final answer:
Tensions in Sudan originated from religious, ethnic, and economic divisions, leading to government-backed violence and conflict in regions such as Darfur. The discovery of oil in the south exacerbated these tensions, culminating in the south voting for independence in 2011 and forming the Republic of South Sudan.
Step-by-step explanation:
Laws and Rebellions in Sudan
The origins of the conflict in southern Sudan, which eventually led to a rebellion by Christians and other non-Muslim groups, are deeply rooted in historical, ethnic, and religious divisions. History shows that laws and policies instituted by the predominantly Muslim government in the north created tension with the culturally and religiously diverse south, where many residents are Christian or follow traditional religions. The south also happened to be resource-rich, especially with the increase in oil production, which further complicated the relationship with the north.
In 2003, grievances in the region escalated when various groups in Darfur accused the Khartoum government of neglect. This led to the emergence of the Janjaweed militias, which were backed by the government and embarked upon a campaign of ethnic cleansing. This campaign included horrendous acts such as village burnings, rapes, and mass killings against those who resisted their rule.
The cultural and economic disparities, combined with government negligence and exploitation, set the stage for the historic referendum in January 2011, which resulted in southern Sudan voting to secede and form the independent Republic of South Sudan.