Final answer:
In the context of research methods and scientific inquiry, shared public experience is not considered a formal method of knowing unlike systematic observation, rationalism, introspection, or a single case study, which have systematic approaches to acquiring knowledge.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which of the following is NOT a method of knowing: a) a single case study, b) shared public experience, c) introspection, d) rationalism, or e) systematic observation. Systematic observation (e), rationalism (d), introspection (c), and a single case study (a) can all be considered methods of knowing, each with its unique approach. For example, systematic observation might involve careful and planned watching of phenomena, often used in empirical sciences; rationalism relies on reason and logical deduction; introspection involves looking inward to one's own thoughts and feelings; and a single case study focuses on detailed investigation of an individual situation or case. Shared public experience (b), however, is not typically classified as a method of knowing in the context of scientific inquiry or research methods. It refers to experiences or knowledge that is common among a group or community but lacks the systematic approach required for it to be considered a formal method of knowing.