Final answer:
A micro-controller is a small computer embedded within a single integrated circuit that includes a processor core, memory, and programmable peripherals. It harnesses microprocessor and microelectronics technologies, utilizing transistors on a silicon chip to perform dedicated functions within electronic devices.
Step-by-step explanation:
A micro-controller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. This is option 3 from the question provided. Unlike a general-purpose microprocessor, a micro-controller is designed for specific control-oriented applications. A micro-controller incorporates elements of a microprocessor — an integrated circuit that implements computer processor capabilities that can store and manipulate data to perform a wide variety of functions.
Moreover, a micro-controller is often part of microelectronics, which is the design and development of electronic systems from extremely small components, such as transistors. Transistors are electrical components made from silicon or other semiconductors that are fundamental in creating computers, radios, and other electronic devices. These transistors are etched onto a silicon chip, which is the essence of a micro-controller and microchip. Such technological advancements have spurred the proliferation of personal computing from the creation of the first marketed personal computer, the Altair 8800, to modern-day computers and gadgets.