Question

Research by Landers and his colleagues, using biofeedback techniques to train elite marksmen to shoot between heartbeats, is a good example of a:

1) cognitive-behavioral orientation.
2) cognitive-affective orientation.
3) behavioral orientation.
4) psychophysiological orientation.
5) physiological-environmental orientation.

Answer 1

The research by Landers using biofeedback to train marksmen exemplifies a psychophysiological orientation, intertwining physiological monitoring with skill enhancement.

Step-by-step explanation:

Research by Landers and his colleagues on training elite marksmen to shoot between heartbeats using biofeedback techniques is an example of a psychophysiological orientation. This approach involves monitoring and providing feedback on physiological processes, which in this case, helps shooters develop control over involuntary bodily processes, such as heartbeats, to improve timing and performance in shooting. The application of biofeedback is based on the understanding that it's possible to exert some voluntary control over these processes, leading to improvements in activities that require fine motor control and timing.