Final answer:
Hyperchloremia is the term for increased arterial chloride levels typically associated with respiratory failure, which can lead to respiratory acidosis. In respiratory acidosis, bicarbonate levels may rise as a compensatory mechanism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that describes the rise in arterial Cl₃ or chloride levels typically associated with respiratory failure is hyperchloremia.
In the context of respiratory failure, blood gases often reveal a condition called respiratory acidosis, where there is an excess of carbonic acid or CO₂ in the blood leading to an overly acidic environment.
Initially, the bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels may remain normal, but as the body attempts to compensate, these levels may increase to reestablish the proper ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid/CO₂. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants and conditions like cystic fibrosis can cause respiratory failure, thus leading to abnormalities in chloride and CO₂ levels.