Final answer:
Adolescents can access emergency contraceptives and sometimes abortion services without parental consent in most states. Services like chemotherapy and transfusions typically require parental consent. The healthcare rights and autonomy of minors are subject to state laws, which often vary.
Step-by-step explanation:
In most states, adolescents younger than 18 can access certain healthcare services without parental knowledge or consent. The services that a minor can access or refuse on their own typically include getting emergency contraceptives and, in some states, also include obtaining an abortion. Regarding abortion, many states require parental consent or judicial bypass for minors. However, other healthcare services such as chemotherapy and transfusions, typically require parental consent, except in life-threatening emergencies where consent is presumed.
Confidentiality in adolescent healthcare is a complex matter. Physicians often face the dilemma of respecting the adolescent's desire for confidentiality, especially in matters related to sexual health, against the parental right to know about the child's healthcare services. This is highlighted in cases involving teenage pregnancy or sex education. Policies vary widely among states regarding consent for medical services, with some giving minors more autonomy in certain health decisions.
It is essential to research specific state laws as there is considerable variability in how these matters are legally addressed in different areas.